/*
    * Copyright 2018 Andrew Rucker Jones.
    *
    * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    * You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
    *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  package com.opencsv.bean;
  
  import com.opencsv.ICSVParser;
  import com.opencsv.exceptions.*;
  import org.apache.commons.collections4.ListValuedMap;
  import org.apache.commons.collections4.MapIterator;
  import org.apache.commons.collections4.MultiValuedMap;
  import org.apache.commons.collections4.SetUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.collections4.multimap.ArrayListValuedHashMap;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
  import org.apache.commons.lang3.reflect.FieldUtils;
  
  import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
  import java.lang.reflect.Field;
  import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
  import java.util.*;
  import java.util.function.Function;
  
  /**
   * This class collects as many generally useful parts of the implementation
   * of a mapping strategy as possible.
   * <p>This mapping strategy knows of the existence of binding annotations, but
   * assumes through {@link #getBindingAnnotations()} they are not in use.</p>
   * <p>Anyone is welcome to use it as a base class for their own mapping
   * strategies.</p>
   *
   * @param <T> Type of object that is being processed.
   * @param <C> The type of the internal many-to-one mapping
   * @param <I> The initializer type used to build the internal many-to-one mapping
   * @param <K> The type of the key used for internal indexing
   *
   * @author Andrew Rucker Jones
   * @since 4.2
   */
  public abstract class AbstractMappingStrategy<I, K extends Comparable<K>, C extends ComplexFieldMapEntry<I, K, T>, T> implements MappingStrategy<T> {
  
      /**
       * Set of classes where recursion is not allowed.   Using HashSet because, given the large number of types, the
       * contains method is quicker than an Array or ArrayList (Granted the number where Set is more efficient is different
       * per Java release and system configuration).  And being a Set we are noting that each value is unique.
       */
      // This is easier in Java 9 with Set.of()
      private static final Set<Class<?>> FORBIDDEN_CLASSES_FOR_RECURSION = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(Byte.TYPE, Short.TYPE,
              Integer.TYPE, Float.TYPE, Double.TYPE, Boolean.TYPE, Long.TYPE, Character.TYPE));
  
      /** This is the class of the bean to be manipulated. */
      protected Class<? extends T> type;
  
      /**
       * Maintains a bi-directional mapping between column position(s) and header
       * name.
       */
      protected final HeaderIndex headerIndex = new HeaderIndex();
  
      /**
       * A tree of the types encountered during recursion through the root bean
       * type.
       * These are only the types (and associated fields) specifically annotated
       * with {@link CsvRecurse}.
       */
      protected RecursiveType recursiveTypeTree;
  
      /** Storage for all manually excluded class/field pairs. */
      private MultiValuedMap<Class<?>, Field> ignoredFields = new ArrayListValuedHashMap<>();
  
      /** Locale for error messages. */
      protected Locale errorLocale = Locale.getDefault();
  
      /** The profile for configuring bean fields. */
      protected String profile = StringUtils.EMPTY;
  
      /**
       * For {@link BeanField#indexAndSplitMultivaluedField(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)}
       * it is necessary to determine which index to pass in.
       *
       * @param index The current column position while transmuting a bean to CSV
       *              output
       * @return The index to be used for this mapping strategy for
       * {@link BeanField#indexAndSplitMultivaluedField(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object) }
       */
      protected abstract K chooseMultivaluedFieldIndexFromHeaderIndex(int index);
  
     /**
      * Returns the {@link FieldMap} associated with this mapping strategy.
      *
      * @return The {@link FieldMap} used by this strategy
      */
     protected abstract FieldMap<I, K, ? extends C, T> getFieldMap();
 
     /**
      * Returns a set of the annotations that are used for binding in this
      * mapping strategy.
      * The default implementation returns the empty set.
      *
      * @return Annotations of the sort {@link CsvBindByName} or
      * {@link CsvBindByPosition} that are relevant for binding input fields to
      * bean members in this mapping strategy
      * @since 5.0
      */
     protected Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> getBindingAnnotations() {return Collections.emptySet();}
 
     /**
      * Creates a map of annotated fields in the bean to be processed.
      * <p>This method is called by {@link #loadFieldMap()} when at least one
      * relevant annotation is found on a member variable.</p>
      * <p>The default implementation assumes there are no annotations and does
      * nothing.</p>
      *
      * @param fields A list of fields annotated with a binding annotation
      *               in the bean to be processed
      * @since 5.0
      */
     protected void loadAnnotatedFieldMap(ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field> fields) {}
 
     /**
      * Creates a map of fields in the bean to be processed that have no
      * annotations.
      * This method is called by {@link #loadFieldMap()} when absolutely no
      * annotations that are relevant for this mapping strategy are found in the
      * type of bean being processed.
      *
      * @param fields A list of all non-synthetic fields in the bean to be
      *               processed
      * @since 5.0
      */
     protected abstract void loadUnadornedFieldMap(ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field> fields);
 
     /**
      * Creates an empty binding-type-specific field map that can be filled in
      * later steps.
      * <p>This method may be called multiple times and must erase any state
      * information from previous calls.</p>
      *
      * @since 5.0
      */
     protected abstract void initializeFieldMap();
 
     /**
      * Gets the field for a given column position.
      *
      * @param col The column to find the field for
      * @return BeanField containing the field for a given column position, or
      * null if one could not be found
      * @throws CsvBadConverterException If a custom converter for a field cannot
      *                                  be initialized
      */
     protected abstract BeanField<T, K> findField(int col);
 
     /**
      * Must be called once the length of input for a line/record is known to
      * verify that the line was complete.
      * Complete in this context means, no required fields are missing. The issue
      * here is, as long as a column is present but empty, we can check whether
      * the field is required and throw an exception if it is not, but if the data
      * end prematurely, we never have this chance without indication that no more
      * data are on the way.
      * Another validation is that the number of fields must match the number of
      * headers to prevent a data mismatch situation.
      *
      * @param numberOfFields The number of fields present in the line of input
      * @throws CsvRequiredFieldEmptyException If a required column is missing
      * @since 4.0
      */
     protected abstract void verifyLineLength(int numberOfFields) throws CsvRequiredFieldEmptyException;
     
     /**
      * Implementation will return a bean of the type of object being mapped.
      *
      * @return A new instance of the class being mapped.
      * @throws CsvBeanIntrospectionException Thrown on error creating object.
      * @throws IllegalStateException If the type of the bean has not been
      *   initialized through {@link #setType(java.lang.Class)}
      */
     protected Map<Class<?>, Object> createBean()
             throws CsvBeanIntrospectionException, IllegalStateException {
         if(type == null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException(ResourceBundle.getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale).getString("type.unset"));
         }
 
         // Create the root bean and all beans underneath it
         Map<Class<?>, Object> instanceMap = new HashMap<>();
         try {
             T rootBean = type.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
             instanceMap.put(type, rootBean);
             createSubordinateBeans(recursiveTypeTree, instanceMap, rootBean);
         } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException | IllegalArgumentException | NoSuchMethodException | SecurityException e) {
             CsvBeanIntrospectionException csve = new CsvBeanIntrospectionException(
                     ResourceBundle.getBundle(
                             ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME,
                             errorLocale)
                             .getString("bean.instantiation.impossible"));
             csve.initCause(e);
             throw csve;
         }
 
         return instanceMap;
     }
 
     private static void createSubordinateBeans(RecursiveType typeTree, Map<Class<?>, Object> instanceMap, Object containingObject)
             throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalArgumentException, NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
         for(Map.Entry<FieldAccess<Object>, RecursiveType> entry : typeTree.getRecursiveMembers().entrySet()) {
             Object childObject = entry.getKey().getField(containingObject);
             if(childObject == null) {
                 childObject = entry.getValue().type.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
                 entry.getKey().setField(containingObject, childObject);
             }
             instanceMap.put(entry.getValue().getType(), childObject);
             createSubordinateBeans(entry.getValue(), instanceMap, childObject);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates an index of necessary types according to the mapping strategy
      * and existing instances of (subordinate) beans.
      *
      * @param bean The root bean to be indexed
      * @return The index from type to instance
      * @throws IllegalAccessException If there are problems accessing a
      * subordinate bean
      * @throws InvocationTargetException If there are problems accessing a
      * subordinate bean
      * @since 5.0
      */
     protected Map<Class<?>, Object> indexBean(T bean)
             throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
         Map<Class<?>, Object> instanceMap = new HashMap<>();
         instanceMap.put(type, bean);
         indexSubordinateBeans(recursiveTypeTree, instanceMap, bean);
         return instanceMap;
     }
 
     private static void indexSubordinateBeans(RecursiveType typeTree, Map<Class<?>, Object> instanceMap, Object containingObject)
             throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
         for(Map.Entry<FieldAccess<Object>, RecursiveType> entry : typeTree.getRecursiveMembers().entrySet()) {
             Object childObject;
             if(containingObject == null) {
                 childObject = null;
             }
             else {
                 childObject = entry.getKey().getField(containingObject);
             }
             instanceMap.put(entry.getValue().getType(), childObject);
             indexSubordinateBeans(entry.getValue(), instanceMap, childObject);
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Gets the name (or position number) of the header for the given column
      * number.
      * The column numbers are zero-based.
      *
      * @param col The column number for which the header is sought
      * @return The name of the header
      */
     public abstract String findHeader(int col);
 
     /**
      * This method generates a header that can be used for writing beans of the
      * type provided back to a file.
      * <p>The ordering of the headers is determined by the
      * {@link com.opencsv.bean.FieldMap} in use.</p>
      * <p>This method should be called first by all overriding classes to make
      * certain {@link #headerIndex} is properly initialized.</p>
      */
     // The rest of the Javadoc is inherited
     @Override
     public String[] generateHeader(T bean) throws CsvRequiredFieldEmptyException {
         if(type == null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException(ResourceBundle
                     .getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale)
                     .getString("type.before.header"));
         }
         
         // Always take what's been given or previously determined first.
         if(headerIndex.isEmpty()) {
             String[] header = getFieldMap().generateHeader(bean);
             headerIndex.initializeHeaderIndex(header);
             return header;
         }
         
         // Otherwise, put headers in the right places.
         return headerIndex.getHeaderIndex();
     }
 
     /**
      * Get the column name for a given column position.
      *
      * @param col Column position.
      * @return The column name or null if the position is larger than the
      * header array or there are no headers defined.
      */
     protected String getColumnName(int col) {
         // headerIndex is never null because it's final
         return headerIndex.getByPosition(col);
     }
 
     /**
      * Get the class type that the strategy is mapping.
      *
      * @return Class of the object that this {@link MappingStrategy} will create.
      */
     public Class<? extends T> getType() {
         return type;
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @Override
     public T populateNewBean(String[] line)
             throws CsvBeanIntrospectionException, CsvFieldAssignmentException,
             CsvChainedException {
         verifyLineLength(line.length);
         Map<Class<?>, Object> beanTree = createBean();
 
         CsvChainedException chainedException = null;
         for (int col = 0; col < line.length; col++) {
             try {
                 setFieldValue(beanTree, line[col], col);
             } catch (CsvFieldAssignmentException e) {
                 if(chainedException != null) {
                     chainedException.add(e);
                 }
                 else {
                     chainedException = new CsvChainedException(e);
                 }
             }
         }
         if(chainedException != null) {
             if (chainedException.hasOnlyOneException()) {
                 throw chainedException.getFirstException();
             }
             throw chainedException;
         }
         return (T)beanTree.get(type);
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the class type that is being mapped.
      * Also initializes the mapping between column names and bean fields
      * and attempts to create one example bean to be certain there are no
      * fundamental problems with creation.
      */
     // The rest of the Javadoc is inherited.
     @Override
     public void setType(Class<? extends T> type) throws CsvBadConverterException {
         this.type = type;
         loadFieldMap();
     }
 
     /**
      * Sets the profile this mapping strategy will use when configuring bean
      * fields.
      */
     // The rest of the Javadoc is inherited.
     @Override
     public void setProfile(String profile) {
         this.profile = StringUtils.defaultString(profile);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void ignoreFields(MultiValuedMap<Class<?>, Field> fields)  throws IllegalArgumentException {
 
         // Check input for consistency
         if(fields == null) {
             ignoredFields = new ArrayListValuedHashMap<>();
         }
         else {
             ignoredFields = fields;
             MapIterator<Class<?>, Field> it = ignoredFields.mapIterator();
             it.forEachRemaining(t -> {
                 final Field f = it.getValue();
                 if (t == null || f == null
                         || !f.getDeclaringClass().isAssignableFrom(t)) {
                     throw new IllegalArgumentException(ResourceBundle.getBundle(
                             ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale)
                             .getString("ignore.field.inconsistent"));
                 }
             });
         }
 
         // Reload field map
         if(this.type != null) {
             loadFieldMap();
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Filters all fields that opencsv has been instructed to ignore and
      * returns a list of the rest.
      * @param type The class from which {@code fields} come. This must be the
      *             class as opencsv would seek to instantiate it, which in the
      *             case of inheritance is not necessarily the declaring class.
      * @param fields The fields to be filtered
      * @return A list of fields that exist for opencsv
      */
     protected List<Field> filterIgnoredFields(final Class<?> type, Field[] fields) {
         final List<Field> filteredFields = new LinkedList<>();
         for(Field f : fields) {
             CsvIgnore ignoreAnnotation = f.getAnnotation(CsvIgnore.class);
             Set<String> ignoredProfiles = ignoreAnnotation == null ?
                     SetUtils.<String>emptySet() :
                     new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(ignoreAnnotation.profiles())); // This is easier in Java 9 with Set.of()
             if(!ignoredFields.containsMapping(type, f) &&
                     !ignoredProfiles.contains(profile) &&
                     !ignoredProfiles.contains(StringUtils.EMPTY)) {
                 filteredFields.add(f);
             }
         }
         return filteredFields;
     }
 
     /**
      * Builds a map of columns from the input to fields of the bean type.
      *
      * @throws CsvBadConverterException If there is a problem instantiating the
      *                                  custom converter for an annotated field
      */
     protected void loadFieldMap() throws CsvBadConverterException {
 
         // Setup
         initializeFieldMap();
 
         // Deal with embedded classes through recursion
         recursiveTypeTree = loadRecursiveClasses(this.type, new HashSet<>());
 
         // Populate the field map according to annotations or not
         Map<Boolean, ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field>> partitionedFields = partitionFields();
         if(!partitionedFields.get(Boolean.TRUE).isEmpty()) {
             loadAnnotatedFieldMap(partitionedFields.get(Boolean.TRUE));
         }
         else {
             loadUnadornedFieldMap(partitionedFields.get(Boolean.FALSE));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * @param type Class to be checked
      * @return Whether the type may be recursed into ({@code false}), or
      *   must be considered a leaf node for recursion ({@code true}). This
      *   implementation considers the boxed primitives forbidden.
      */
     protected boolean isForbiddenClassForRecursion(Class<?> type) {
         return FORBIDDEN_CLASSES_FOR_RECURSION.contains(type);
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a tree of beans embedded in each other.
      * These are the member variables annotated with {@link CsvRecurse} and
      * their associated types. This method is used recursively.
      *
      * @param newType The type that is meant to be added to the tree
      * @param encounteredTypes A set of types already encountered during
      *                         recursion, as types may not be recursed into
      *                         more than once.
      * @return A representation of this type and all of the types beneath it in
      * a tree
      * @throws CsvRecursionException If recursion is attempted into a primitive
      * type or a previously encountered type is added again or a member
      * variable annotated with {@link CsvRecurse} is also annotated with a
      * binding annotation
      */
     protected RecursiveType loadRecursiveClasses(Class<?> newType, Set<Class<?>> encounteredTypes) {
 
         // We cannot recurse into primitive types
         if (isForbiddenClassForRecursion(newType)) {
             throw new CsvRecursionException(
                     ResourceBundle.getBundle(
                             ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale)
                             .getString("recursion.on.primitive"), newType);
         }
 
         // Guard against the same type being used twice
         if(encounteredTypes.contains(newType)) {
             throw new CsvRecursionException(String.format(ResourceBundle
                     .getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale)
                     .getString("recursive.type.encountered.twice"), newType.toString()), newType);
         }
         encounteredTypes.add(newType);
 
         // Find types to recurse through
         RecursiveType localRecursiveTypeTree = new RecursiveType(newType);
         for(Field f : filterIgnoredFields(newType, FieldUtils.getFieldsWithAnnotation(newType, CsvRecurse.class))) {
 
             // Types that are recursed into cannot also be bound
             Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> bindingAnnotations = getBindingAnnotations();
             if(bindingAnnotations.stream().anyMatch(f::isAnnotationPresent)) {
                 throw new CsvRecursionException(
                         ResourceBundle.getBundle(
                                 ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale)
                                 .getString("recursion.binding.mutually.exclusive"),
                         f.getType());
             }
 
             // Recurse into that type
             localRecursiveTypeTree.addRecursiveMember(
                     new FieldAccess<>(f),
                     loadRecursiveClasses(f.getType(), encounteredTypes));
         }
 
         return localRecursiveTypeTree;
     }
 
     /**
      * Creates a non-tree (fairly flat) representation of all of the fields
      * bound from all types.
      * This method is used recursively.
      * @param root The root of the type tree at this level of recursion
      * @param encounteredFields A collection of all fields thus far included
      *                          in the new representation. This collection will
      *                          be added to and is the result of this method.
      */
     private void assembleCompleteFieldList(RecursiveType root, final ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field> encounteredFields) {
         encounteredFields.putAll(root.type, filterIgnoredFields(root.type, FieldUtils.getAllFields(root.type)));
         root.getRecursiveMembers().values().forEach(f -> assembleCompleteFieldList(f, encounteredFields));
     }
 
     /**
      * Partitions all non-synthetic fields of the bean type being processed
      * into annotated and non-annotated fields according to
      * {@link #getBindingAnnotations()}.
      *
      * @return A multi-valued map (class to multiple fields in that class) in
      * which all annotated fields are mapped under {@link Boolean#TRUE}, and
      * all non-annotated fields are mapped under {@link Boolean#FALSE}.
      * @since 5.0
      */
     protected Map<Boolean, ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field>> partitionFields() {
         // Get a flat list of all fields
         ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field> allFields = new ArrayListValuedHashMap<>();
         assembleCompleteFieldList(recursiveTypeTree, allFields);
 
         // Determine which annotations need be considered
         final Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> bindingAnnotations = getBindingAnnotations();
 
         // Split the fields (with associated types) into annotated and
         // non-annotated
         Map<Boolean, ListValuedMap<Class<?>, Field>> returnValue = new TreeMap<>();
         returnValue.put(Boolean.TRUE, new ArrayListValuedHashMap<>());
         returnValue.put(Boolean.FALSE, new ArrayListValuedHashMap<>());
         allFields.entries().stream()
                 .filter(entry -> !entry.getValue().isSynthetic())
                 .forEach(entry -> {
                     if(bindingAnnotations.stream()
                             .anyMatch(a -> entry.getValue().isAnnotationPresent(a))) {
                         returnValue.get(Boolean.TRUE).put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
                     }
                     else {
                         returnValue.get(Boolean.FALSE).put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
                     }
                 });
         return returnValue;
     }
 
     /**
      * Attempts to instantiate the class of the custom converter specified.
      *
      * @param converter The class for a custom converter
      * @return The custom converter
      * @throws CsvBadConverterException If the class cannot be instantiated
      */
     protected BeanField<T, K> instantiateCustomConverter(Class<? extends AbstractBeanField<T, K>> converter)
             throws CsvBadConverterException {
         try {
             BeanField<T, K> c = converter.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
             c.setErrorLocale(errorLocale);
             return c;
         } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException | IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException | SecurityException oldEx) {
             CsvBadConverterException newEx =
                     new CsvBadConverterException(converter,
                             String.format(ResourceBundle.getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale).getString("custom.converter.invalid"), converter.getCanonicalName()));
             newEx.initCause(oldEx);
             throw newEx;
         }
     }
 
     @Override
     public void setErrorLocale(Locale errorLocale) {
         this.errorLocale = ObjectUtils.defaultIfNull(errorLocale, Locale.getDefault());
         
         // It's very possible that setType() was called first, which creates all
         // of the BeanFields, so we need to go back through the list and correct
         // them all.
         if(getFieldMap() != null) {
             getFieldMap().setErrorLocale(this.errorLocale);
             getFieldMap().values().forEach(f -> f.setErrorLocale(this.errorLocale));
         }
     }
     
     /**
      * Populates the field corresponding to the column position indicated of the
      * bean passed in according to the rules of the mapping strategy.
      * This method performs conversion on the input string and assigns the
      * result to the proper field in the provided bean.
      *
      * @param beanTree  Object containing the field to be set.
      * @param value String containing the value to set the field to.
      * @param column The column position from the CSV file under which this
      *   value was found.
      * @throws CsvDataTypeMismatchException    When the result of data conversion returns
      *                                         an object that cannot be assigned to the selected field
      * @throws CsvRequiredFieldEmptyException  When a field is mandatory, but there is no
      *                                         input datum in the CSV file
      * @throws CsvConstraintViolationException When the internal structure of
      *                                         data would be violated by the data in the CSV file
      * @throws CsvValidationException If a user-supplied validator determines
      * that the input is invalid
      * @since 4.2
      */
     protected void setFieldValue(Map<Class<?>, Object> beanTree, String value, int column)
             throws CsvDataTypeMismatchException, CsvRequiredFieldEmptyException,
             CsvConstraintViolationException, CsvValidationException {
         BeanField<T, K> beanField = findField(column);
         if (beanField != null) {
             Object subordinateBean = beanTree.get(beanField.getType());
             beanField.setFieldValue(subordinateBean, value, findHeader(column));
         }
     }
     
     @Override
     public String[] transmuteBean(T bean) throws CsvFieldAssignmentException, CsvChainedException {
         int numColumns = headerIndex.findMaxIndex()+1;
         BeanField<T, K> firstBeanField, subsequentBeanField;
         K firstIndex, subsequentIndex;
         List<String> contents = new ArrayList<>(Math.max(numColumns, 0));
 
         // Create a map of types to instances of subordinate beans
         Map<Class<?>, Object> instanceMap;
         try {
             instanceMap = indexBean(bean);
         }
         catch(IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
             // Our testing indicates these exceptions probably can't be thrown,
             // but they're declared, so we have to deal with them. It's an
             // alibi catch block.
             CsvBeanIntrospectionException csve = new CsvBeanIntrospectionException(
                     ResourceBundle.getBundle(
                             ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale)
                             .getString("error.introspecting.beans"));
             csve.initCause(e);
             throw csve;
         }
 
         CsvChainedException chainedException = null;
         for(int i = 0; i < numColumns;) {
 
             // Determine the first value
             firstBeanField = findField(i);
             firstIndex = chooseMultivaluedFieldIndexFromHeaderIndex(i);
             String[] fields = ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY;
             if(firstBeanField != null) {
                 try {
                     fields = firstBeanField.write(instanceMap.get(firstBeanField.getType()), firstIndex);
                 }
                 catch(CsvDataTypeMismatchException | CsvRequiredFieldEmptyException e) {
                     if(chainedException != null) {
                         chainedException.add(e);
                     }
                     else {
                         chainedException = new CsvChainedException(e);
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             if(fields.length == 0) {
 
                 // Write the only value
                 contents.add(StringUtils.EMPTY);
                 i++; // Advance the index
             }
             else {
 
                 // Multiple values. Write the first.
                 contents.add(StringUtils.defaultString(fields[0]));
 
                 // Now write the rest.
                 // We must make certain that we don't write more fields
                 // than we have columns of the correct type to cover them.
                 int j = 1;
                 int displacedIndex = i+j;
                 subsequentBeanField = findField(displacedIndex);
                 subsequentIndex = chooseMultivaluedFieldIndexFromHeaderIndex(displacedIndex);
                 while(j < fields.length
                         && displacedIndex < numColumns
                         && Objects.equals(firstBeanField, subsequentBeanField)
                         && Objects.equals(firstIndex, subsequentIndex)) {
                     // This field still has a header, so add it
                     contents.add(StringUtils.defaultString(fields[j]));
 
                     // Prepare for the next loop through
                     displacedIndex = i + (++j);
                     subsequentBeanField = findField(displacedIndex);
                     subsequentIndex = chooseMultivaluedFieldIndexFromHeaderIndex(displacedIndex);
                 }
 
                 i = displacedIndex; // Advance the index
 
                 // And here's where we fill in any fields that are missing to
                 // cover the number of columns of the same type
                 if(i < numColumns) {
                     subsequentBeanField = findField(i);
                     subsequentIndex = chooseMultivaluedFieldIndexFromHeaderIndex(i);
                     while(Objects.equals(firstBeanField, subsequentBeanField)
                             && Objects.equals(firstIndex, subsequentIndex)
                             && i < numColumns) {
                         contents.add(StringUtils.EMPTY);
                         subsequentBeanField = findField(++i);
                         subsequentIndex = chooseMultivaluedFieldIndexFromHeaderIndex(i);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // If there were exceptions, throw them
         if(chainedException != null) {
             if (chainedException.hasOnlyOneException()) {
                 throw chainedException.getFirstException();
             }
             throw chainedException;
         }
 
         return contents.toArray(ArrayUtils.EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
     }
 
     /**
      * Given the information provided, determines the appropriate built-in
      * converter to be passed in to the {@link BeanField} being created.
      *
      * @param field The field of the bean type in question
      * @param elementType The type to be generated by the converter (on reading)
      * @param locale The locale for conversion on reading. May be null or an
      *               empty string if a locale is not in use.
      * @param writeLocale The locale for conversion on writing. May be null or
      *                    an empty string if a locale is not in use.
      * @param customConverter An optional custom converter
      * @return The appropriate converter for the necessary conversion
      * @throws CsvBadConverterException If the converter cannot be instantiated
      *
      * @since 4.2
      */
     protected CsvConverter determineConverter(Field field,
                                               Class<?> elementType, String locale, String writeLocale,
                                               Class<? extends AbstractCsvConverter> customConverter)
             throws CsvBadConverterException {
         CsvConverter converter;
 
         // A custom converter always takes precedence if specified.
         if (customConverter != null && !customConverter.equals(AbstractCsvConverter.class)) {
             try {
                 converter = customConverter.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
             } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException | IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException | SecurityException oldEx) {
                 CsvBadConverterException newEx =
                         new CsvBadConverterException(customConverter,
                                 String.format(ResourceBundle.getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME, errorLocale).getString("custom.converter.invalid"), customConverter.getCanonicalName()));
                 newEx.initCause(oldEx);
                 throw newEx;
             }
             converter.setType(elementType);
             converter.setLocale(locale);
             converter.setWriteLocale(writeLocale);
             converter.setErrorLocale(errorLocale);
         }
 
         // Perhaps a date instead
         else if (field.isAnnotationPresent(CsvDate.class) || field.isAnnotationPresent(CsvDates.class)) {
             CsvDate annotation = selectAnnotationForProfile(
                     field.getAnnotationsByType(CsvDate.class),
                     CsvDate::profiles);
             if(annotation == null) {
                 throw new CsvBadConverterException(CsvDate.class, String.format(
                         ResourceBundle.getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME).getString("profile.not.found.date"),
                         profile));
             }
             String readFormat = annotation.value();
             String writeFormat = annotation.writeFormatEqualsReadFormat()
                     ? readFormat : annotation.writeFormat();
             String readChrono = annotation.chronology();
             String writeChrono = annotation.writeChronologyEqualsReadChronology()
                     ? readChrono : annotation.writeChronology();
             converter = new ConverterDate(elementType, locale, writeLocale,
                     errorLocale, readFormat, writeFormat, readChrono, writeChrono);
         }
 
         // Or a number
         else if(field.isAnnotationPresent(CsvNumber.class) || field.isAnnotationPresent(CsvNumbers.class)) {
             CsvNumber annotation = selectAnnotationForProfile(
                     field.getAnnotationsByType(CsvNumber.class),
                     CsvNumber::profiles);
             if(annotation == null) {
                 throw new CsvBadConverterException(CsvNumber.class, String.format(
                         ResourceBundle.getBundle(ICSVParser.DEFAULT_BUNDLE_NAME).getString("profile.not.found.number"),
                         profile));
             }
             String readFormat = annotation.value();
             String writeFormat = annotation.writeFormatEqualsReadFormat()
                     ? readFormat : annotation.writeFormat();
             converter = new ConverterNumber(elementType, locale, writeLocale,
                     errorLocale, readFormat, writeFormat, annotation.roundingMode());
         }
 
         // or a Currency
         else if (elementType.equals(java.util.Currency.class)){
             converter = new ConverterCurrency(errorLocale);
         }
 
         // Or an enumeration
         else if (elementType.isEnum()) {
             converter = new ConverterEnum(elementType, locale, writeLocale, errorLocale);
         }
 
         // or an UUID
         else if (elementType.equals(UUID.class)) {
             converter = new ConverterUUID(errorLocale);
         }
         // Otherwise a primitive
         else {
             converter = new ConverterPrimitiveTypes(elementType, locale, writeLocale, errorLocale);
         }
 
         return converter;
     }
 
     /**
      * Determines which one of a list of annotations applies to the currently
      * selected profile.
      * If no annotation specific to the profile is found, the annotation for
      * the default profile is returned. If neither is found, {@code null} is
      * returned.
      *
      * @param annotations All annotations of a given type
      * @param getProfiles A function mapping an annotation of type {@code A} to
      *                    the list of profiles it applies to
      * @param <A> The annotation type being tested
      * @return The annotation with the appropriate profile or {@code null} if
      *   nothing appropriate is found
      * @since 5.4
      */
     protected <A extends Annotation> A selectAnnotationForProfile(A[] annotations, Function<A, String[]> getProfiles) {
         A defaultAnnotation = null;
         String[] profilesForAnnotation;
         for(A annotation : annotations) {
             profilesForAnnotation = getProfiles.apply(annotation);
             for(String p : profilesForAnnotation) {
                 if(profile.equals(p)) {
                     return annotation; // I know. Bad style. I think we can live with it once.
                 }
                 if(StringUtils.EMPTY.equals(p)) {
                     defaultAnnotation = annotation;
                 }
             }
         }
         return defaultAnnotation;
     }
 
     /**
      * Encapsulates a bean type and all of the member variables that need to be
      * recursed into.
      */
     protected static class RecursiveType {
         private final Class<?> type;
         private final Map<FieldAccess<Object>, RecursiveType> recursiveMembers = new HashMap<>();
 
         /**
          * Constructs a {@link RecursiveType} with the specified type.
          *
          * @param type Type associated with this branch
          */
         protected RecursiveType(Class<?> type) {
             this.type = type;
         }
 
         /**
          * @return Type associated with this branch
          */
         public Class<?> getType() {
             return type;
         }
 
         /**
          * Used to add a recursive type.
          *
          * @param member     Field access member to add a recursive type to
          * @param memberType {@link RecursiveType} to add
          */
         public void addRecursiveMember(FieldAccess<Object> member, RecursiveType memberType) {
             recursiveMembers.put(member, memberType);
         }
 
         /**
          * @return {@link Map} of field access to {@link RecursiveType}.
          */
         public Map<FieldAccess<Object>, RecursiveType> getRecursiveMembers() {
             return recursiveMembers;
         }
     }
 }